Design of the Hotel Building of Yangzhou Yangtze River Group文献综述

文献综述

Literature ReviewAim : Our Aim for this project is to apply our theoretical knowledge into practical which we have learned in last 4 years of our Civil Engineering course. We will mention our methodology behind this opening report. This opening report will be an step by step walk through of our project and the process till its completion. All of our drawing and planning were done on Auto-cad. Our calculations and analysis were done on PKPM software.Methodology : The study of the report will be done in 2 phasesA.Planing B.DesigningPlanning is based on reading books, visiting sites, reviewing the previous lectures and etc. The second phase will be designing the plan according to the latest standard and functional requirements. Various structural components like slabs, stairs, lintels, retaining wall and pile foundations were designed on auto-cad.Scope: The scope of this study has enabled to learn more about Building Projects since Building Construction is a vast topic and has various aspects in structural analysis and designing to be known. Working on this project has enabled to gain more exposure about building construction.Functional Planning: The main structure is a hotel owned by the Yangzhou Yangtze River Group and located in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. The structure will be utilized as a hotel for lodging, holding conferences, meeting rooms of various sizes, guest reception rooms, and other rooms with necessary amenities. The substructure and superstructure are the two sections of the planned structure. The superstructure will consist of a three-bay, five-story reinforced concrete frame building. The building construction has a 50-year life span and a class II safety rating.A.All public and private rooms are air-conditioned and well-equipped.B.Each room has its own bathroom.C. The kitchen, pantry, and cold storage are all well-equipped and built to perform efficiently.CONSTRUCTION:A magnificent edifice built with symmetry and simplicity in mind. The visual impression of the awesomely massive edifice, its broad lawns, and spaciousness thrills and almost takes ones breath away as one drives down a straight tree-lined driveway. Luxuriously big rooms with high ceilings contribute to the individuality of the buildings front, architectural characteristics, and general structures.MAINTENANCE:The structures upkeep is given high importance in order for the building to function in line with the authorized criteria. The task is divided among many specialized groups.PARKING:Parking space is provided in the front and towards the side of the structure as per the requirements. Provision for parking at the front and covered parking towards the sides is given. Tree linings provide shade to the parking area.1.1The frame structures present degree of modificationBy bringing together components in a building, a frame gives shape and support to a structure. As a result, a framed structure is one that has a set of beams, columns, and slabs to resist gravity and other lateral loads. Internationally, truss buildings are the most popular type of contemporary construction. They have a lot of area and may be divided into several rooms. Frame structures include reinforced concrete and steel frames, with reinforced concrete frames being the most popular in educational establishments. These structures are often employed to withstand enormous forces, and the moments that form as a result of the imposed stress. Frames are commonly employed in construction and are made up of beams and columns that are either permanent or securely connected, such as trusses. Two or three-dimensional frame structure Frames can be made of any material, including RC frames, steel, and wood. The loads of floors, roofs, and panel walls of a framed building are sustained by beams, which ultimately carry these stresses to the columns. The most frequent form of contemporary architecture in the world is the frame structure. It has a huge size and a versatile space design. Reinforced concrete frames and steel frames are examples of frame structures, and reinforced concrete structures are often utilized in residential constructions. The many advantages of the frame construction have been fully expressed. Chinas concrete industryhas progressed in lockstep with the worldwide advancement of concrete technology, thanks to the fast expansion of the construction sector. China produces the highest amount of concrete in the world. From dry concrete to high-strength concrete to concrete blocks, theres something for everyone. The development of high-strength concrete, concrete admixtures, various forms of concrete with improved performance, and the development of green concrete all provide the concrete sector exciting prospects [1]. The most frequent form of contemporary architecture in the world is the frame structure. It has a huge size and a versatile space design. Reinforced concrete frames and steel frames are examples of frame structures, and reinforced concrete structures are often utilized in residential constructions. The many advantages of the frame construction have been fully expressed [2]. Frame structure constructions are becoming increasingly popular due to their benefits over traditional concrete and steel structures. Concrete constructions are bulky and have higher seismic weight and less deflection, but steel structures have more deflections and ductility, which helps the structure resist earthquake forces. Composite building incorporates the advantages of both steel and concrete, as well as lower costs, faster construction, fire protection, and other benefits. As a result, the current study compares the seismic performance of RC Frame, Steel, and Composite building frames in earthquake zones[3].The frame structure is made up of beam members and columns that are linked together by nodes. The frame structure is classified into three forms based on building methods: cast-in-place, assembly, and integrated assembly. Beam-and-column pre-casting schemes are frequently utilized for on-site cast-in-place or beam-column cast-in-place and slab pre-casting schemes in seismic zones; beam, column, and slab pre-casting schemes can sometimes be employed in non-seismic locations. The connection mechanism of the frame structure is generally hinged or stiff. The beam and column are linked to support external and internal forces such as horizontal load, vertical load, and seismic load. [4]1.1Factors and scope of selection of framework structure system(1)Take into account elements such as structure height and aspect ratio, seismic stronghold class, seismic fortress strength, and site circumstances.(2)The frame structure system is an optional structure system that sits between the masonry structure and the frame-shear wall structure. The frame structure should be designed in accordance with the principles of safety and applicability, sophisticated technology, economic rationality, and simplicity of construction (structural design principles).(3)Seismic-resistant design for multi-story and high-rise structures. Multi-story and compact high-rise buildings are commonly employed for frame structures in seismic design.(4)Non-seismic design for multi-story and high-rise buildings. In seismic design,multi-story and small high-rise buildings are generally used for frame structure2.Method for calculating the design of an RC frame structureSeismic Design of Moment-Resisting RC Frame StructuresThe performance of a reinforced concrete frame structure deteriorates progressively over time or as a result of earthquake damage. First, the material degradation constitutive relation, the corrosion rate-based reinforcement constitutive relation, and the slip constitutive relation considering reinforced concrete corrosion are introduced. The model is then incorporated in a seismic capacity model of a reinforced concrete frame structure, and a dynamic assessment model for seismic performance is constructed. [9](1)Use structures that cant disrupt or store significant amounts of harmful or poisonous chemicals during or after an earthquake. Once these objects (such as hazardous gases, explosives, and radioactive materials) have been released and alienated as a result of the earthquake, they will cause intolerable harm to the people. [9](2)Current seismic codes produce substantial deformations in structures during strong earthquakes since the design approach is based on elastic analysis and the inelastic states are considered indirectly. These issues inspire academics to develop new design techniques that deliver a greater degree of performance, safety, and cost-effectiveness. To achieve these goals, characteristics such as lateral force, member strength, intended yield mechanism, and so on should be addressed early in the design process. Performance-Based Plastic Design is one of these innovative ways (PBPD).(3)Post-earthquake use of buildings or densely populated construction sites where functions must be restored quickly or are essential for post-earthquake operations, such as hospitals, schools, fire stations, police stations, communication centers, emergency control centers, and disaster relief centers. [9](4)Complete preliminary design and establish seismic performance goals. Following the completion of the preliminary design, the basic configuration and structural layout are chosen, the starting parameters are entered, and the seismic performance targets are set by taking into account a variety of elements. [11](5)Use the present conventional strength-based technique to design structural components for needed strength under frequent earthquakes.(6) Examine the inter-story drift. The inter-story drift responses at the performance points are compared to the limit values associated with the chosen performance objectives. If the requirement could not be satisfied, the steel reinforcement should be changed. The process should then be redone from Step. The iteration should continue until the limit is reached. [11](7)Determine the necessary strength of the structure if the inter-story drift ratio at the performance point fulfills the performance criteria (Ductility ability). [11]2.2RC frame design approach based on Elastic and Plastic designThe goal of this part is to present a preview of the main methods of analysis used for composite members and frames, and to demonstrate that the majority of them are simple adaptations of methods commonly used for steel or RC Frame structures.[7]The steel designer will be familiar with the basic elastic theory of bending and the simple plastic theory, which assumes that the whole cross-section of a member is at yield in either tension or compression. Both theories are utilized for composite members, with the following differences: Concrete in tension is typically ignored in elastic theory and is always ignored in plastic theory;[7] Concrete in compression is converted into an equivalent area of steel in elastic theory by dividing its breadth by the modular ratio Ea/Ec;[7] According to plastic theory, the design yield stress of concrete in compression is 0.85fcd, where fcd = fck/C. Sections that have been transformed are not utilized. Sections 3.10.1.27 and 3.10.1.28 provide examples of this strategy. [7] [26]2.3 Energy-based seismic design technique for RC frame structuresGround motion has three distinct characteristics: strength, frequency spectrum, and duration. Only the displacement index is utilized to assess the seismic performance of the structure, and the cumulative damage impact induced by the earthquakes duration characteristics on the structure is not taken into account. As a result, using displacement indicators alone to explain the seismic performance and failure characteristics of a structures elastoplastic phase is insufficient.As a result, using displacement indicators alone to explain the seismic performance and failure characteristics of a structures elastoplastic phase is insufficient. Energy-based seismic design, from the standpoint of energy balance, integrates two important structural design parameters, namely force and displacement, and analyzes the input, conversion, and dissipation of energy under the action of earthquakes, in order to control the energy transformation path and fully reflect the earthquake action. The effect on structure. The primary idea behind the energy-based seismic design technique is to determine if a building or component adheres to the principle of energy and demand balance: Structure energy consumption capacity seismic input energy. As a result, estimating the seismic energy input and energy consumption capacity of various types of structures or components is a premise based on the use of energy seismic design methodologies. Based on this, the major research effort is presently focused on two aspects: energy demand analysis and energy capacity analysis, in addition to the approach itself. [12]3.Frame structure designReinforced concrete frame structure is a linked frame with components that are securely attached to one another. These are referred to as instant linkages. Other forms of connections include hinged connections, which are typically utilized in steel buildings, although moment connections are employed in practically all concrete frame constructions. [12]3.1Major frame structural componentsSlabs are plate components that bear loads predominantly by flexure. They are typically used to handle vertical weights. They may carry relatively significant wind and earthquake forces under the operation of horizontal loads, due to a large moment of inertia, and subsequently transmit them to the beam. [14]Beams: bear loads from slabs as well as direct loads such as brick walls and self-weights. They can be supported by other beams or by columns that are an essential component of the frame. These are mostly flexural members. [14]Columns: are vertical elements that bear weights from the beams and higher columns. Loads borne might be either axial or eccentric. When compared to beams and slabs, columns are the most crucial. Because if one beam breaks, it is a local failure of one level, but if one column fails, the entire structure might collapse. [14]The foundation: consists of load transmitting components. The foundations transfer the loads from the columns and walls to the solid ground.Shear walls are really very massive columns that appear to be walls rather than columns. They support horizontal loads like as wind and earthquakes.A stair: is a set of stairs in a building that allows you to climb from one floor to another. It allows for vertical transportation within the building. If the stairwell has parts that link to columns or other structural elements, they are designated major structural members. [17]Elevator shafts are vertical concrete boxes in which elevators may travel up and down. The elevator is housed in a concrete box. These shafts serve as excellent structural components, assisting in the resistance of horizontal loads as well as the carriage of vertical loads. [13] 3.2 Structural frames that are rigid and bracedA rigid unbraced frame should be able to withstand lateral stresses without the need for an extra bracing mechanism. The frame must withstand all design forces, including gravity and lateral forces, on its own. At the same time, when subjected to horizontal wind or earthquake stresses, it should have enough lateral stiffness against sideways movement. Despite the fact that the detailing of the rigid connections results in a less cost-effective construction, rigid unbraced frame systems provide the following advantages:1. Because rigid connections are more ductile, the structure performs better in load reversal circumstances or during earthquakes.2. It may be preferable, both architecturally and functionally, to avoid using triangulated bracing systems or solid wall systems in the structure.

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